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piece of legislation passed in 2014 that strongly
recommended the teaching of Holocaust education
in Pennsylvania schools and provided resources
for teachers. She said Holocaust educators were
asked to weigh in when the legislation was being
crafted, which played a big role in strengthening
Pennsylvania students’ Holocaust knowledge.

“I do want to give a particular shout out to
Sally Flaherty, who worked for the Department of
Education at the time,” Boyette said. “She ran the
Act 70 Advisory Committee, and she was deeply
committed to Holocaust education, and Holocaust,
genocide, human rights violation, education in
Pennsylvania, and very purposeful in working with
the committee. The infrastructure provided by the
Department of Education made a huge difference.”
“You can have a state that mandates
Holocaust education but does not offer
preparation or resources for teachers to
study and to explore and to give them
support so that when they go into the
classroom they present the subject in
the most appropriate way. “Just because
something’s being mandated doesn’t
mean it’s done well.”
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THE GUIDE 2021/2022
That infrastructure included statewide teacher
trainings on presenting content in age-appropriate
ways and connecting the events of the Holocaust to
other civil rights topics.

Josey Fisher, director of the Holocaust Oral
History Archive and instructor in Holocaust and
genocide studies at Gratz College, was also on the
advisory committee for Act 70. She said the legisla-
tion focused on teacher preparedness and support.

“You can have a state that mandates Holocaust
education but does not offer preparation or
resources for teachers to study and to explore
and to give them support so that when they go
into the classroom they present the subject in the
most appropriate way,” Fisher said. “Just because
something’s being mandated doesn’t mean it’s done
well.” Boyette gave examples of Pennsylvania
Holocaust education initiatives that predated Act
70, including Echoes & Reflections, an educational



partnership among ADL, USC Shoah Foundation and Yad Vashem, and
the ADL’s Bearing Witness Program, a Holocaust education initiative
specifically geared toward Catholic schools. She also cited the Jewish
Community Relations Council’s work connecting students with survi-
vors through its annual Youth Symposium on the Holocaust programs
and its Survivor Speaker Bureau.

Writing in The Forward, Stephen Smith, executive director chair of
the USC Shoah Foundation, criticized the study for using a narrow defi-
nition of Holocaust knowledge, downplaying the efficacy of Holocaust
education and inciting fear.

“The Claims Conference survey defined ‘knowledge’ of the Holocaust
as follows: a person has ‘definitely heard of the Holocaust’ (78% said
they had), can name at least one concentration camp, death camp and
ghetto (52% could name at least one), and knows that 6 million Jews
were killed in the Holocaust (37% did),” Smith wrote. “These are not
unreasonable things to expect people to know. But it’s also a high bar
to clear in order to say that someone has ‘knowledge’ of the Holocaust.

“The implication of this survey is that people are somewhat anti-Se-
mitic because they do not know facts about the Holocaust, when in fact
they just may not know specific details about history.”
Fisher said this was an important point, and that statistics may not
always tell the whole story.

“I am not involved in statistical results. I want to know what’s going
on in the classroom,” she said. “What are students learning? What
should they be learning? How can we help teachers?” l
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